Please Note: The primary purpose of these reports is to provide background necessary for conducting cluster investigations. They summarize literature about risk factors associated with these defects. The strengths and limitations of each reference were not critically examined prior to inclusion in this report. Consumers and professionals using this information are advised to consult the references given for more in-depth information. These reports are for information purposes only and are not intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease or other conditions and are not intended to provide a determination or assessment of the state of health. Individuals affected by these conditions should consult their physician and when appropriate, seek genetic counseling.
- Individuals who are interested in participating in clinical trials relevant to birth defects can find more information here.
- More information on specific teratogens (substances or exposures that can cause birth defects) is available here.
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